Since 1990, Li-ion batteries became essential for our daily life, and the scope of their applications is currently expanding from mobile electronic devices to electric vehicles, power tools and stationary power grid storage. The ever-enlarging market of portable electronic products and the new demands of the transportation market and stationary storage require cells with enhanced energy density, power density, cyclability and safety. In short, to get better performance. These new needs have boosted research and optimization of new materials for Li-ion batteries. Fig. 1. Number of scientific publications about LiFePO4 material in the last 40 years. Source: Scifinder Scholar™ 2007. The aim of this work is to show the evolution of chemical preparative methods used to synthesize new electroactive materials or to ameliorate electrochemical performance of the existing ones, and to compare the improvement of performance achieved by the new materials processing. This way, the synthesis methods of several electrodic materials for Liion batteries will be analyzed. Mainly cathode materials, such as layered oxides derived from LiCoO2 or LiMn2O4 spinel derivatives will be described. Olivine LiFePO4 phase, a material that, besides having the right voltage to present safety attributes is made of low cost and abundant elements, will be specially remarked because of its extraordinary importance in the last years (figure 1). In recent years, nanoscience has irrupted strongly in the battery materials field. Not only the performance of previously known materials was improved significantly by nanodispersion and nanostructuring, but also new materials and electrochemical reactions have emerged. Thus, the fabrication of nanostructured electrodes has become one of the main goals in battery materials. First, the small size and large surface area of nanomaterials provide greater contact area between the electrode material and the electrolyte. Second, the distance the Li ions have to diffuse across the electrode is shortened. Therefore, faster charge/discharge ability, that is, a higher rate capability, can be expected for nanostructured electrodes. For very small particles, the chemical potentials for lithium ions and electrons may be modified, resulting in a change of electrode potential. Moreover, the range of composition over which solid solutions exist is often more extensive for nanoparticles, and the strain associated with intercalation is often better accommodated. Furthermore, even new electrochemical reactions, such as conversion reactions for anodes have appeared in nanostructured electrodes. Thus, morphology and size of electrode materials have become a key factor for their performance and the synthesis processes have been evolved toward nanoarchitectured materials. This chapter will provide an overview on most used sy...

Lithium batteries can provide higher voltage, greater battery density, and the number of cycles is more than a thousand times,while lead acid is only 300-500 times; lithium battery charging has a threshold, (1) Different nominal voltages: single lead-acid battery 2.0V, single lithium battery 3.6V; (2)Lithium battery has higher energy density, lead-acid battery 30WH / KG, lithium battery 110WH / KG; (3)The cycle life of the lithium battery is longer, the average lead-acid battery is 300-500 times, and the lithium battery is more than 1,000 times; (4)Lead-acid batteries are safer to use, simple to maintain, long-lived, and low-cost; (5)The manufacturing cost of lithium batteries is high, and the labor cost of manufacturing equipment is about 40% of the manufacturing  cost, and the price is about three times that of lead-acid batteries. Lithium batteries are not recyclable. (6)Lithium battery, light weight, small size, only about half of lead-acid battery，Lithium batteries have longer battery endurance than     lead-acid batteries (7)Lead-acid batteries have stable and reliable high-rate discharge performance, good temperature performance, and can work in an environment of -40 ~ + 60 ℃; used batteries are easy to recycle, which is conducive to protecting the environment. (8)Lithium battery charging method is relatively fixed, using voltage limiting current limiting method, that is, a limit threshold is given to both current and voltage. Lead-acid battery charging methods are more, constant current charging method, constant voltage charging method, floating charge.... The difference between the two is based on the performance of the material. The positive and negative materials of lead-acid batteries are lead oxide, metal lead, and concentrated sulfuric acid; lithium-ion batteries have four components: the positive electrode (lithium cobalt oxide /Lithium manganate / lithium iron phosphate / ternary), negative graphite, separator and electrolyte.

The lithium ion forklift battery is poised to revolutionize the materials handling industry. And when you compare the pros and cons of the lithium battery vs. lead acid battery for powering your forklift or fleet of lift trucks, it is easy to understand why. The biggest reason is that the potential cost savings are enormous. It’s true that lithium forklift batteries do cost considerably more than lead acid batteries, but they last 2-3 times longer and create dramatic savings in other areas that guarantee you a significantly lower total cost of ownership. Here are some of the key advantages that make powering your electric lift trucks with lithium batteries a smart decision: Dramatic cost savings Lower total cost of ownership Longer life span Longer warranties Safer operations Faster, more efficient charging No need for a battery room Less down time Let’s take a closer look at some of the major advantages of powering your fleet with state-of-the-art lithium battery technology. Dramatic cost savings: Because lithium ion batteries last so much longer than traditional lead acid batteries, the cost savings begin to add up quickly and end up being substantial over the much longer life span of this game-changing forklift power source. Other factors that contribute to a more cost-efficient warehouse operation include: Far less money spent on energy for charging batteries Less time and labor expended by workers swapping out lead acid batteries Less time and labor spent maintaining and watering lead acid batteries Less energy wasted (a lead acid battery burns off 45-50% of its energy in heat, while a lithium battery loses only 10-15%) Worker safety: Hydrogen fumes and “acid splash” are a health and safety concern for workers maintaining lead acid batteries. Risks include sulfuric acid contacting their clothing, skin or eyes. Though not always adhered to, OSHA guidelines call for nearby eyewash stations and for workers to wear personal protective gear (goggles, rubber or neoprene gloves and aprons). Such potential health and safety hazards are eliminated when using lithium batteries. No battery rooms required: Due to the space needed for charging and the risk of spills and fumes, most companies that run multiple forklifts powered by lead acid batteries handle the time-consuming recharging tasks by dedicating some of their valuable warehouse space to a separate, well-ventilated battery room. Opportunity charging: So-called “opportunity charging” (or charging forklift batteries when opportunities arise; for example, during breaks or in between tasks) is one of the great advantages of lithium batteries. However, the same practice will significantly shorten the life of a lead acid battery. Longer warranties: Lead acid batteries must be meticulously maintained, according to the manufacturer’s specifications, to remain in compliance with warranty protections. Lithium batteries are essentially maintenance free and are covered by longer warranties.

In 1970, Exxon's M.S. Whittingham made the first lithium battery using titanium sulfide as cathode material and lithium metal as cathode material. The cathode material of lithium battery is manganese dioxide or thiony l chloride, and the cathode is lithium. When the battery is assembled, the battery will have voltage and need not be charged. Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion Batteries) are the development of lithium batteries. For example, button batteries used in previous cameras were lithium batteries. This kind of battery can also be charged, but its cycle performance is not good. It is easy to form lithium crystals during charging and discharging cycle, resulting in short circuit inside the battery, so this kind of battery is generally prohibited from charging. In 1982, university of Illinois institute of technology (the Illinois Institute of Technology) R.R.A garwal and J.R.S elman found embedded lithium ion has the properties of the graphite, the process is quick, and reversible. At the same time, made of metallic lithium batteries, much attention has been paid to its safety problems, so people try to take advantage of the characteristics of lithium ion embedded graphite production of rechargeable batteries. The first available lithium-ion graphite electrode successfully trial-produced by bell LABS. 1983 m. hackeray, J.G galaxite  oodenough and others found to be excellent cathode material, with a low price, stable and good conductive lithium, guide performance. Its decomposition temperature is high, and oxidation is far lower than the cobalt acid lithium, even if a short circuit, over charge, also can avoid the risk of combustion and explosion. In 1989, arjun anthiram and J.G oodenough anionic polymerization is found that the positive will generate higher voltage. SONY of Japan in 1992 invented the carbon materials as anode, with lithium compounds as the anode of lithium battery, in the process of charging and discharging, no metal lithium exists, only lithium ion, that is the lithium ion battery. Subsequently, lithium ion batteries have revolutionized the face of consumer electronics products. Such as cobalt acid lithium as the anode material of battery, is still the main power supply of portable electronic devices. Padhi and Good enough found 1996 has olivine structure of phosphate, such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), more security than traditional anode materials, especially high temperature resistance, resistance to overcharge performance than traditional lithium-ion battery materials. Therefore has become the current mainstream of large current discharge Power lithium battery The anode material. Throughout the history of the development of battery, we can see that the three characteristics on the development of battery industry in the world, and one is the rapid development of green environmental protection battery, including lithium ion batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, etc.; Two is a battery to battery, it conforms t...

By 2035, the world will do better in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Rather, we have actually stopped emissions completely. Many countries have stated that by 2050 they will achieve carbon neutrality and will not produce more carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases. This means that by that time, we will stop using disposable resources such as oil, natural gas and coal as energy. As a result, solar panels and wind turbines will be found throughout the planet. This choice is foreseeable. Economically, the cost of such renewable energy is much lower than that of “old” energy production, and it is of great help to environmental improvement. solar panel Take solar panels as an example. By 2035, their appearance will be very different from today's, and the shape and size will be varied. There will be tandem solar cells stacked together by different solar cells. And what do you mean by each part of the stack that favors a particular spectral segment? For example, the uppermost battery can effectively absorb blue and green light and convert it into electrical energy while allowing the rest of the light to work with the red light through the underlying battery. Each part of the solar panel has its own mission, creating an efficient solar cell with an efficiency of 35%. By contrast, our current solar panels on the roof are only 22% efficient. In addition, there are some solar cells that like to "sunbath" on both sides. These double-sided solar panels are ideal for large solar installations because they not only convert light from direct sunlight, but also absorb reflected light from the ground, which produces 25% more energy than a single-sided battery. Thin-film solar cells will also become a trend, and such batteries do not need to be used in special locations and can be invisibly implanted into windows and walls of buildings. By 2035, the grid will also undergo a transformation. It will become smarter, consisting of smaller micro and nano networks. For example, a group of office buildings or homes will have their own nano-network that can operate autonomously and provide its own power without overloading. These nano-networks will then create larger micro-networks with the surrounding buildings... battery Whether it is a solar panel or a wind turbine, or a power grid, it can be combined with energy storage. Especially when energy cannot be generated by itself, the energy storage effect of the battery becomes more important. Where does electricity come from at night, during the rainy day, when there is no wind? Therefore, by 2035, more people will realize the advantage of using batteries to store electricity. Almost every household, every district, every office building, etc. will install energy storage batteries. Lithium-ion batteries, which are now more popular, will also become more efficient and affordable. At that time, because of the deepening of national policies and environmental protection concepts, electric vehicles will also be very popular...